![]() ![]() These enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting steps, which are the slowest reactions in the series. There are three primary rate-determining enzymes in cellular respiration. What are the rate-determining enzymes in cellular respiration? As a result, the whole process of cellular respiration ends up yielding 30-32 ATP per molecule of glucose. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain produce 28-30 ATP and 28-30 H 2O per glucose. NADH and FADH 2 can then be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. The TCA cycle then yields one GTP (i.e., an energy-rich compound similar to ATP used primarily in lower pH environments), three NADH, one FADH 2, and two CO 2. Therefore, without the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the only process that can occur, and only two ATP molecules may be produced for each glucose molecule. When oxygen is present, pyruvate oxidation produces one acetyl-CoA, one NADH, and one CO 2 per pyruvate molecule. Glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules, four ATPs (a net of two ATP), two NADH, and two H 2O. The final end products of cellular respiration are ATP and H 2O. What are the products of cellular respiration? Finally, oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain use the reactants ADP, NADH, FADH 2, and O 2. One TCA cycle requires acetyl-CoA, one ADP, three NAD+, and one FAD. Reactants for pyruvate oxidation are pyruvate, NAD+, and coenzyme A (CoA). Glycolysis requires an input of glucose, two ATP, two ADP, and two NAD+. These acceptors are often used in catabolic processes and are reduced into NADH and FADH 2, respectively. Another important universal electron acceptor is FAD, a flavin nucleotide from vitamin B2. NAD+, a nicotinamide derived from vitamin B3, is a universal electron acceptor that is crucial in the process of cellular respiration. The reactants of cellular respiration vary at each stage, but initially, it requires an input of glucose, ATP, and NAD+. What are the reactants of cellular respiration? Meanwhile, oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane, with protons diffusing across into the membrane and later pumped back into the matrix. Glycolysis occurs inside the cytoplasm, while the TCA cycle occurs inside the matrix of the mitochondria. Where does cellular respiration take place?Ĭellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each cell of the body. Meanwhile, ATP synthase uses the movement of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis. At the end of the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor, O 2, combines with protons to produce water (H 2O). Together, an electrochemical gradient is created. Because each molecule of glucose produces 2 pyruvate molecules, it takes two turns through the Krebs cycle to completely break down the original glucose. Finally, the electron transport chain is a series of redox reactions powered by high energy electrons that pumps protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient. The TCA cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon oxaloacetate in order to form the six-carbon citrate. In this process, pyruvate dehydrogenase converts the three-carbon pyruvate to the two-carbon acetyl-CoA. The pyruvate then moves into the mitochondrial matrix where a transition step called pyruvate oxidation takes place. Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, a three carbon structure, in the cytoplasm. The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen, while glycolysis can occur in anaerobic conditions. There are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis the citric acid (TCA) or the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. Join millions of students and clinicians who learn by Osmosis! Start Your Free Trial What are the main steps of cellular respiration? ![]()
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